foreword; preface; introduction; postscript
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
lick; bottom card of the draw pile; (arch.) tasting (a nobleman's) medicine to see if it contains poison; (arch.) medicine taster
and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
head with grey hair (gray); grey head
prime minister; premier; chancellor
to put on (lower-body clothing, e.g. pants, skirt, footwear); to wear; to affix (a sword to one's hip); (arch.) to affix (a bowstring to a bow)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fewest; least; smallest (number); youngest
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be inferior to; to be less good at; to fall behind
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
bride's silk floss headdress; clumps of snow (on tree branches, stones, etc.)
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
overhead; above one's head; high in the sky
to hang over; to cover; to lie over; to fall on one's shoulders; to become one's responsibility; to become a burden
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
one's station in life; one's personal history; one's circumstances; one's lot; one's destiny; one's future
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top