consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion
certainly; surely; undoubtedly; just; precisely; exactly
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
to investigate thoroughly; to research thoroughly; to master; to understand completely
while it may be true that; just because; nevertheless; not necessarily
(arch.) difference (from one another); (arch.) different thing; (arch.) other; unusual; extraordinary
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
one face; one surface; the whole surface; one aspect; one side; (on) the other hand; one broad, flat object
Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867); Edo shogunate
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
because; the reason is; if you want to know why
unity; consolidation; uniformity; unification; compatible
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
(the products of) culture or civilization (civilisation)
distant (from someone); aloof; estranged; knowing little (of); ill-informed (about); ignorant (of)
preservation; conservation; maintenance; integrity
what is called; what you call; what they call; so-called
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
gun; firearm; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
science; to think about scientifically; to think in terms of science
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
to carry in one's hand; to have in one's hand; to lead (e.g. troops); to present (an issue, policy, artistic work, etc.); to take up
useless; vain; aimless; idle
to drive someone off with gunfire
command; order; dictation; nth year in the Reiwa era (May 1, 2019-)
to withdraw; to leave; to retire; to back down; to give up
leap; jump; stepping out into the wider world; becoming active on a wider stage; rapid progress; dramatic development
weapon; arms; (lit.) shield and spear; fighting; war
to take (trouble); to attend (to business); to command (army)
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct
Kan'ei era (1624.2.30-1644.12.16)
self and others; this and that; both sides; oneself and one's opponent; he and I
difference; variation; difference
serious; important; significant; grave; weighty
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
to lead; to take the lead (in doing something); to precede; to go before; to die before (esp. one's spouse, parents, etc.); to be a prerequisite