Japanese grosbeak (Eophona personata)
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Empress Suiko; Suiko Tenno (554-628 CE, reigning: 592-628 CE)
building of a Shinto shrine complex built upon the highest ground
crown prince; Prince Shōtoku
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to govern; to manage; to subdue
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
inside the breast of one's clothing (esp. kimono); bosom; space between one's chest and outstretched arms; (one's) reach; heart (e.g. of a mountain); bosom (e.g. of nature)
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
memories; recollections; reminiscence
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
by means of; due to; because of; according to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
above all; especially; particularly; all the more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law