indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
essence; true nature; substance; reality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
preservation; conservation; storage; saving (e.g. to disk)
invention; intelligent; clever; (arch.) making sense (of something); (arch.) understanding
ability; gift; talent; sai; traditional unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
establishment; institution; installation (of a machine or equipment)
to one's heart's content or satisfaction
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
elaborate; delicate; exquisite
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
originally; essentially; naturally; in the first place; to begin with
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
wise man; philosopher; sage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
ancestor; forefather; foremother
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
same; similar; (just) like; equal
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
by means of; due to; because of; according to
illegal; illicit; unlawful
necromancy; spiritism; spiritualism
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question