indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
essence; true nature; substance; reality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to form; to make; to build up (e.g. a fortune); to create; to accomplish; to achieve; to change (into)
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
preservation; conservation; storage; save (to storage)
invention; intelligent; clever; smart
ability; gift; talent; sai; traditional unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
whole; entirety; to begin with; in the first place; ... the heck (e.g. "what the heck?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?")
establishment; institution; installation (of a machine or equipment)
to one's heart's content or satisfaction
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
elaborate; delicate; exquisite
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
originally; essentially; naturally; in the first place; to begin with
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
summons; subpoena; citation; summoning (a spirit, demon, etc.); evocation; invocation
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
wise man; philosopher; sage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
ancestor; forefather; foremother
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse; litter
to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
same; similar; (just) like; equal
method; way; manner; process; procedure; means
by means of; due to; because of; according to
illegal; illicit; unlawful
necromancy; spiritism; spiritualism
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
(dead) body; corpse; remains
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
to call (someone) to (the door, phone, etc.); to tell (someone) to come; to call up (on the phone); to invoke (e.g. a subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)