indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
un-; non-; bad ...; poor ...
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
to recollect; to remember; to reminisce; to imagine; to guess; to infer
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
both countries; Ryōgoku (area of Tokyo)
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
quite; very; 10^48; quindecillion
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
national sport (e.g. sumo)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
suddenly; at once; considerably; very much; firmly; with an effort
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
round; circular; curved; smooth; harmonious; calm
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
all; entire; whole; altogether
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
to paint; to plaster; to lacquer; to varnish; to spread; to smear
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
something like ...; something called ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
front; frontage; facade; main
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
great (i.e. great-grandson, great-grandmother)