test of courage (by going to a frightening place, e.g. a graveyard)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
assistant; helper; assistant (to a professor); research assistant
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
detective team; study group; club
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
primary school; elementary school; grade school
nth-year student; nth-year pupil
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
one or two; a couple; a few; first and second (place); the top two
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to gather; to collect; to assemble
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that ...
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
personnel; members; lineup (of a team); announcement of next day's match-ups