test of courage (e.g. at a frightening place such as a graveyard); dare
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
stinginess; miserliness; shabby; cheap; petty; narrow-minded
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
assistant; helper; assistant (to a professor)
wood chip; splinter; thin shingles
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
leader of a delegation (body, party)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
detective team; study group; club
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
primary school; elementary school; grade school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
second-year student; biennial
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...