if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
senior high school; high school
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the way back; the way home; return trip
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
concatenation; coupling; connection; linking; consolidation (e.g. of company accounts)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
Itou Yousuke (1963.8.27-)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
some people; a few people; several people
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
fatigue; weariness; exhaustion; tiredness
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
railway track; railway line; railroad; railway; track; line
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
to step over; to step across; to stride over; to stretch over; to span; to bridge
wooden; made of wood; wooden construction
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody