crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
the late emperor; preceding emperor
ghee (held to be the greatest of all flavours); (fig.) the ultimate truth of Buddhism; (fig.) nirvana
Oki (former province located on Oki Island in present-day Shimane Prefecture); Oki (island)
banishment (to a location far from the capital); the harshest of the three banishment punishments under the ritsuryō system
Shikoku (smallest of the four main islands of Japan)
sink (e.g. in a kitchen); cruising (e.g. taxi); strolling (entertainer, musician, etc.); washing area (in a Japanese-style bath); back-washing service (in a public bath); floating (something on water)
that day; the very same day
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
2nd day of the month; two days
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
having no choice but to ...; all one can do is ...; there's nothing to do except ...; having nothing but ...; there is only ...; having only ...
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
situation; state of things; current affairs
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
weird; eerie; ominous; creepy; uncanny; unearthly
groundless rumor (rumour)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
fall of a castle; surrender of a castle; giving up (on something); giving in (to persuasion); yielding
occasion; time; circumstances; (in) case (of); when
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
somewhere; in some respects; in some way
to take command; to give direction