ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
van (of a movement); vanguard; forefront
postwar period; period after Second World War
orbit; trajectory; (railroad) track; (right) track; proper course
maintenance; conservatism; conservativeness; conservation
breadth of mind; generosity; magnanimity
grand; magnificent; majestic; great; sublime
institutionalization (of a practice); systematization; systematic implementation
to pay attention (to); to show concern (for); to worry (about); to be careful (about)
to look back on (the past); to reflect on; to look behind (at); to turn round (and look); to consider; to concern oneself about
irony; sarcasm; unexpected; different from what one expected; (only) surface; something superficial
central; main; just (done); counter for consecutive losses
practical use; application; making good use of; conjugation; inflection
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
narrow; cramped; small-sized
proof; evidence; sign; witnessing; testifying; testimony
spine; backbone; spinal column
(emblem of) three comma-shaped figures arranged to form a circle; three-way fight; three-sided struggle
(emblem of) four comma-shaped figures arranged to form a circle; four-way fight; four-sided struggle
retreat; falling back; recession; waning; backspace (key)
foreign trade; external trade
shogun-authorized trading vessel (authorised)
voyage; passage; travelling
returning from abroad; coming back to one's country (Japan)
shortening; contraction; reduction; curtailment; abbreviation
revision; amendment; alteration
Kan'ei era (1624.2.30-1644.12.16)
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
capital crime; crime resulting in a death penalty
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; test; check; scan (e.g. MRI, PET); audit
Dejima; artificial island in Nagasaki used as a Portuguese and Dutch trading post between 1634 and 1854
isolation; segregation; separation; quarantine
Shimabara Rebellion (1637-1638)
kind-hearted; benevolence
state of mind; mentality; psychology