order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
recent past; recent times; early modern period (from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the end of the Edo period)
beginning (of a century, etc.)
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state of things; state of affairs; condition; situation; circumstances
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
border; boundary; turning point; watershed; area; region
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
consideration; inquiry; enquiry; investigation; study
is something that; is that which
author (usu. of a particular book); writer
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
frank; direct; plain; straightforward; point-blank; concise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
shall ...; to assume; to suppose
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to choose one's words (with care); to be careful with one's words
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to sit; to squat; to be implicated
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
meaning; significance; sense
to sit; to squat; to be implicated
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to point; to nominate; to select someone; to identify; to indicate; to play (a game of shogi)
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and