indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Zürich (Switzerland); Zurich
make; manufacture; -made; made of ...; made in ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to begin to write; to start writing; to write out (e.g. on a blackboard); to extract (and write down); to write down (the important parts); to export
indeed; really; very; extremely; absolutely; certainly
conquest; subjugation; overcoming (a difficulty); conquering (e.g. a mountain); mastery (of a skill)
previous day; day before; eve; prior day; preceding day
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yew plum pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus)
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
commemoration; celebration; remembrance; memento; souvenir; keepsake
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
as a matter of fact; to tell the truth
a few years ago; some years back
shop; store; someone who sells (something) or works as (something); someone with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
bag; sack; skin of an orange (and other like fruits); dead end; plot of land surrounded by water
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")