order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
friendship; companionship; fraternity; comradeship
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sparse; distant (of a relationship); estranged; alienated
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
daily life; daily living; waking up and going to sleep
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
close (e.g. friend); familiar; familiar (e.g. story); well-known (to one); close (relatives); closely related
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
-ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); doing such things as...; expresses a command; (arch.) to be; (arch.) indicates completion or continuation of an action
around there; near there; or thereabouts; or so; such a matter; such a thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
to spur on; to urge forward; to impel; to drive at high speed (e.g. a car)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
original story; original version; this volume
letter; note; epistle; correspondence
chief; main; principal; main secondary or supporting role (in kyogen)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
materials; ingredients; material (for a novel, experiment, etc.); subject matter; grounds (for a decision, judgement, etc.); basis
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
recollection; reminiscence
one end; an end; part; fragment
to write down; to note; to jot down; to remember
literary world; literary circles
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
at that time; in those days
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
almost; roughly; approximately
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
by means of; due to; because of; according to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...