sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
therefore; thus; well, then ...; that's right; indeed; (arch.) ... on earth?
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
all people; everybody; ten thousand people
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
by nature; naturally; by birth; inborn
high and low (social standing)
to put clothes on (someone); to dress; to cover; to coat; to pin (e.g. a crime on someone); to lay (blame)
top and bottom; high and low; going up and down; rising and falling; going and coming back; upper and lower classes
distinction; differentiation; discrimination; discrimination (against people)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
heaven and earth; the universe; top and bottom; gods of heaven and earth
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
funds; capital; material; basis; character; qualities
with; by; because of; on account of; on (a day, date); at (a time); adds emphasis to preceding word
necessities of life (food, clothing and shelter)
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
free; unrestricted; (with) complete mastery; completely in control
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
each; (arch.) you (plural)
this world; this life; world of the living
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range