indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
set of tools (implements); kit; outfit
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to buy up; to lay in a stock; to stock up; to buy a lot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
of course; certainly; naturally
proper; appropriate; due; suitable
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
warning; admonition; lesson or a phrase that teaches you not to do something
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
lately; recently; nowadays
feeling keenly; fully realizing