table of contents; contents
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
conversion; shift; about-face; switch
banzai; hurray; something to cheer about; something worthy of celebration; giving up; throwing one's hands up
action of making something; -ification
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
reduction of penalty; commutation of a sentence
exercise; physical training; appeal; campaign; motion; movement
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
the people; the public; the world
frowning on; looking on with scorn; showing disapproval
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
ripple; ring on the water; repercussions; Japanese slit drum; instrument made of iron with slits on top; makes a rippling sound
primary school; elementary school; grade school
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
logs in bark; rough wood; unseasoned timber; new lumber
after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Hachikō; Akita dog that waited every day at Shibuya station for the return of his owner (1923-1935)
(university) president; chancellor; principal; provost
letter (e.g. of complaint); letter to the editor; letter from a reader; contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.)
agricultural community; farm village; rural
act of endowment or donation
the Trinity; three parts; three components; three factors
reorganization; reorganisation; reshuffle
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
wind damage; storm damage