order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
argument; discussion; theory (e.g. of evolution); doctrine; essay; treatise
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
division (of a larger group); branch; field; class (subclass); group; category
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to divide (into); to split (into); to share; to distribute; to distinguish; to discriminate; to break up (a fight)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
material; substance; matter
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inclusion; complete coverage; comprehensiveness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
suitable; proper; appropriate; perfunctory; half-minded; sloppy
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
arrangement (of resources); deployment; stationing; posting; disposition; configuration
unity; consolidation; uniformity; unification; compatible
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(cannot) possibly; (not) by any means; (not) at all; utterly; absolutely
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
rather; better; instead; if anything
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
to be placed on; to be set on; to be piled on; to appear (in print); to be mentioned; to be recorded