strange; wonderful; weird; outrageous; mysterious
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
already; now; no longer; not any more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
underground train; subway
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to have a talk; to tell a story
from one's side; from the side (of something); from someone unconnected; from someone uninvolved
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to happen to hear; to overhear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
really; truly; indeed; good grief
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
it's no joke; gimme a break!
adds force or indicates command
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to threaten; to menace; to intimidate; to startle; to frighten; to scare
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more