low-ranking soldier; graduation; moving on (from); outgrowing (something); low-ranking samurai (1870-1872); death (of a noble, etc.)
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
court noble; nobility; three lords and nine ministers (of the ancient Chinese government)
penance; austerities; mortification; asceticism
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
spring water; clear (pure) water
free-loader; hanger-on; parasite; house guest
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
special Nara-period administrative division for areas containing a detached palace (Yoshino and Izumi); secretary; third highest-ranking officials in the Dazaifu
to explain; to advocate; to preach; to persuade
home country; one's own country; suzerain country (from the perspective of the vassal state); colonizing country; country of one's ancestors; this country
trouble; difficulties; dispute; confusion; disorder; mess
to take advantage of; to follow blindly; to multiply
political measures; policy
after all; in the end; when all's said and done; for the time being; at present
Karafuto (Japanese name for Sakhalin)
occupation (e.g. of territory); exclusive possession
spare energy, time or money; remaining strength; reserve power; money to spare
private; non-governmental; non-official; folk; popular
spirit; drive; vigour; ambition; aspiration
citizen; resident; person; user (of a website, esp. as a collective, e.g. Twittersphere)
defense; defence; protection
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to imitate; to copy; to enter someone as a candidate; to press (e.g. a weapon against someone's back); to compare; to liken
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
to raise; to lift; to boost; to enhance
Kōzuke (former province located in present-day Gunma Prefecture)
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
Shōgitai (group of former Tokugawa retainers opposed to the Meiji government and fought in the battle of Ueno)
Echigo (former province located in present-day Niigata Prefecture)
fifth degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale)
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
various fiefdoms; various domains
one's post; one's station; department; bureau; section
complete financial statement; summing up; concluding
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
standard of revolt; banner of rebellion
aggression; invasion; raid
to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest
brethren; brothers; fellow countrymen; fellowman; compatriot
to torment; to pain; to inflict (physical) pain; to harass; to cause (emotional) pain; to afflict
(air or sea) route; course; line; run