indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yellow race; Mongoloid race
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
remodeling; remodelling; restructuring; modding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
fashion; trend; vogue; prevalence (of a disease); epidemic
anything and everything; all sorts of things; by all means
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be popular (esp. with the opposite sex); to be well liked; to be pampered (spoiled, doted upon, etc.); to be welcomed
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
-ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); doing such things as...; expresses a command; (arch.) to be; (arch.) indicates completion or continuation of an action
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
most part; greater part; majority
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
sunlight; sunshine; sunbeams
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
antiques; old works of art
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
scenic sites and historic places; places of natural beauty and historic interest
admiration; being impressed; admirable; praiseworthy; astonishment; being appalled
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float