indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
yellow race; Mongoloid race
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
best; supreme; wonderful; highest; maximum; most
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
pride; dignity; self-worth
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
a little; a few; small; only; just; merely
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
as one would expect from ...; given that ... (naturally ...); precisely because ...; all the more because of ...; on account of ...; ... being what it is
remodeling; remodelling; reconstruction; modding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
fashion; trend; vogue; prevalence (of a disease); epidemic
all sorts of things; (anything and) everything; by all means; at any cost
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be popular (esp. with the opposite sex); to be well liked; to be pampered (spoiled, doted upon, etc.); to be welcomed
to be popular; to come into fashion; to be prevalent; to spread widely (e.g. disease); to flourish; to thrive
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
most part; greater part; majority
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
sunlight; sunshine; Nikkō (city in Tochigi); Suryaprabha (bodhisattva)
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
antiques; old works of art
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
scenic sites and historic places; places of natural beauty and historic interest
admiration; being impressed; admirable; praiseworthy; astonishment; being appalled
to drain; to pour; to float (e.g. logs down a river); to set adrift; to wash away; to carry away; to broadcast