indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
National Diet; legislative assembly of Japan (1947-); Imperial Diet; legislative assembly of Japan (1889-1947); legislative assembly; parliament
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
cooking stove; burner (gas, electric, etc.); range; cooktop; hob
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to burn; to be roasted; to be heated; to be jealous; to be envious
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously