indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fantastic; grotesque; strange-looking; suspicious-looking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
poor-quality; shoddy; unskillful; inexpert; unlucky
corpse; kanji "corpse" radical
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to accept; to receive; to agree
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
should; must; -able; probably; likely
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
my goodness!; oh my!; oh dear!
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
to warp; to bend; to contort; to be perverted; to be warped (of a view, mind, etc.); to be distorted
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo