indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
refinement; elegance; grace
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
style; way; shape; form; appearance; state
two-wheeled motor vehicle; motorcycle; motorbike
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to recall; to remember; to recollect
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
student (esp. a university student)
part time (school system)
in that way; thus; so; so?
letter; missive; note; mail
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
adds force or indicates command
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise