indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
personality; character; individuality; personhood
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
the body; the flesh; the outer man; one's physique
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
ceremony; rite; ritual; service