indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
innocent; chaste; naive; pure; unmixed; genuine
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
remind me; I forget; was it?; was that what happened?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh; right; I see; OK; gotcha
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)
research (institute, laboratory, group, etc.)
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
handmade; handcrafted; homemade; homegrown
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
light music; popular music
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
purveyor (to the Imperial Household, etc.); company (or restaurant, place, etc.) that caters to or is popular with a specific clientele
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")