year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
underpants; pants; briefs; trousers (esp. women's); jodhpurs; breeches
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
pattern; design; body build; figure; essential qualities; character
two persons; two people; pair; couple
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
to spoil; to ruin; to destroy; to make a mess of
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
(ancient) Japan; Yamato kingdom; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture); Yamato (battleship)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
gatekeeper; door guard; doorman; concierge; janitor
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)