indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
Chinese firebird; Chinese phoenix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
just; right; pure; genuine; truth
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement