gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
cliff; precipice; precipice; brink of a dangerous situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
phantom; vision; illusion; extremely rare item
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
power; might; authority; influence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat