cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
bell cricket (Meloimorpha japonicus); (arch.) pine cricket (Xenogryllus marmoratus)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
so; like this; in this way
late at night; at a late hour
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) anywhere; nowhere; everywhere; anywhere
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
summer vacation; summer holiday
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Nagano (city, prefecture)
local specialty or souvenir bought as a gift while travelling; present brought by a visitor; something unpleasant that one is given (e.g. an illness while on vacation); unwelcome gift