indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
very popular; highly favoured
suffix for familiar person
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
your husband; her husband
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
please (give me); please (do for me)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able to eat; to be able to swallow
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to that extent; to that degree; so much; so
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do