indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
your husband; her husband
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
suffix for familiar person
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination