indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
cliff; precipice; precipice; brink of a dangerous situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
battlefield; battleground
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
adds force or indicates command
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
commander; general; leader
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise