indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Qin dynasty (of China; 221-207 BCE); Ch'in dynasty
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
China (sometimes also used in ref. to Korea or other foreign countries)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
prime minister (in ancient China)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
adds force or indicates command
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
Lü Buwei (?-235 BCE), Chinese politician
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
prime minister; premier; chancellor
you; (arch.) your residence
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation