indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
feather; plume; wing; shuttlecock (in badminton)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
welcome!; nice to see you!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle