indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
tsuchinoko; mythical snake-like creature with thick midsection
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
myself; yourself; I; me; you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove