chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
failure; collapse; breakdown; break-up; bankruptcy
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
shell; husk; hull; pod; chaff
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ironist; sarcastic person; sharp tongue; satirist
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adjacency; contiguity; being adjoined
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
formation; molding; making up; repair (e.g. plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such