surname; family name; hereditary title (used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
student number (for seating, etc. in class)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
moving (to a new place); moving in; transfer (to a new school)
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
naginata; polearm with a curved single-edged blade (similar to a glaive); naginata; martial art of wielding the naginata
February; second month of the lunar calendar
tenth day of the month; ten days
birth; birthplace; born in (country, month, imperial era, zodiac year, etc.)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to play dumb; to feign ignorance; to play the fool; to be in one's dotage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to be emotionally moved; to have a lump in one's throat
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able to eat; to be able to swallow
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
I am sorry (to hear, to say, etc.); a pity
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation