yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to the end; to the bitter end; to the last; after all; it must be remembered; only
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
R; r; radius; curve; nth year in the Reiwa era (May 1, 2019-); refrigerator
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to differ; to vary; to disagree
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
function; facility; faculty; feature
edition; version; plate; block; editions of a publication
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
reproduction; duplication; reprinting
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
using as an intermediary; through
every part of the world; all over the world; the four corners of the world
tradition; legend; folklore