grandfather; male senior-citizen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
another; one more; even more; (not) quite; (not) very
notebook; copy-book; note; noting down; (musical) note; laptop (computer)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to obtain; to get; to procure; to win; to secure
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; by the way
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
being one in body and soul; of one flesh; two hearts beating as one
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; thing inside one's body believed to influence one's thoughts and feelings; (one's) unconscious; nervousness
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
uneducated; ignorant; illiterate; arhat; person who has attained nirvana
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
completely; absolutely; (not) at all; (not) a bit; earnestly; intently
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryō system)