grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
notebook; copy-book; note; noting down; (musical) note; laptop (computer)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
being one in body and soul; of one flesh; two hearts beating as one
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
illiteracy; ignorance; arhat; someone who has attained nirvana
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
completely; absolutely; (not) at all; (not) a bit; earnestly; intently
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryo system)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago