indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
powerfully; vigorously; with all one's strength; lots of; heaps of; plenty
the whole year's plans should be made on New Year's Day
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to warp; to curve; to arch; to bend backward (body or body part, e.g. fingers)
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
Kanazawa (city in Ishikawa)
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
trouble (I have put you through); (your) hard work; thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts