cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
to speak; to hear a voice
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nine; nine years of age; twelve o'clock (old time system)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
chise; traditional Ainu house
to be surprised; to be astonished
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to face; to go towards; to head towards
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give