yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
10,000,000,000; ten billion
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
consists of; comprises; is made up of
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
by means of; due to; because of; according to
exchange; interchange; switching; reciprocity; barter; substitution
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
electricity; (electric) light
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
itself; one's own body; oneself; originally; naturally
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
rat (esp. laboratory or pet)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's