indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
you; Mr; Mister; older brother; elder brother
adds force or indicates command
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
distinguished family; noted family; family status in the Imperial Court; master (of a craft); expert
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
youngster; boy; young Buddhist monk; young bonze; young shop-boy; errand boy
prawn; shrimp; lobster; crayfish
qian (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: heaven, northwest)
divorce; dissolution of adoption
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
lye; harsh taste; bitter taste; scum (on a soup, broth etc.); (excessive) self-assertiveness; strong individuality
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence