indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
living by oneself; living alone
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
spring water; clear (pure) water
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
hardware store; DIY store; home improvement retailer
to finish; to end; to have a result less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
tissue paper; tissue; facial tissue
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
maid; helper; help; assistance
great; excellent; distinguished; important; awful; terrible
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
everything; anything; nothing
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope