indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
manjū; steamed yeast bun with filling
sneaking a bite; snitching food
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
at once; immediately; right now
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
bravery; courage; heroism
advantage; benefit; profit; interest
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
state of emergency; emergency; crisis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
scary Russia; menacing Russia; dangerous Russia