indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to burn; to kindle; to heat (a bath); to light (a stove); to use (a camera flash)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to light (a candle, lamp, etc.); to turn on (a light)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
birth; birthplace; born in (country, month, imperial era, zodiac year, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to disappear into; to slip into; to be lost in; to be mixed up with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
reward; recompense; return; punishment; retribution
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
don't you think?; indicates question
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to get drunk; to become intoxicated; to feel sick (e.g. in a vehicle); to become nauseated; to be elated; to be exalted
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.); emphatic particle; particle adding uncertainty
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work