indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
health; healthy; sound; fit
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
example; instance; precedent; custom; habit
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
research; study; investigation
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
to rescue (someone); to save; to help (out of a difficulty); to save (spiritually); to redeem (from sin); to deliver (from suffering, distress, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
method; way; manner; process; procedure; means
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
speciality; specialty; special subject of study; sole interest; single focus; concentrating exclusively on
computer science; information engineering
not only ... (but also); not just; as well as
materials science and engineering
electronics; electronic engineering
not to mention ...; needless to say ...; not to speak of ...; (arch.) negligent; (arch.) neglectful; (arch.) careless
medicine; medical science
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
encompassing; covering (exhaustively); including (all of); comprising; comprehending
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane