indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")