indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pain; anguish; distress; suffering; hardship
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); ingredient; leaven (bread); cause
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
living thing; living creature; animal; life
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hearth; fireplace; furnace; kiln
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
spontaneous generation; abiogenesis; natural occurrence; spontaneous occurrence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
(some) more; even more; longer; further
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)