Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
simple and clear; plain and simple
family; members of a family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
book; volume; this; present; main; head
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
uh-huh; mm-hmm; with a moan; with a groan
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
rise and fall; ups and downs
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
occasion; time; section (of a literary work); paragraph; season; term; principle
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
commerce; trade; business
political measures; policy
failure; mistake; blunder
technical book; specialized book; treatise
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
first generation; founder