Karafuto (Japanese name for Sakhalin)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
contract; compact; agreement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
considerably; greatly; a lot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to earn (income); to make (money); to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to work hard (at one's job); to labor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
flat out (of); completely empty; out of money; penniless; broke
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
national border; provincial border
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
spreading; laying out; security deposit; Japanese mattress
smell (esp. a good smell); fragrance; scent; aroma; perfume
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to take; to catch; to capture
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to freeze; to be frozen over; to congeal